Cognitive conceptions of learning

Shuell, T. J. (1986, Winter). Cognitive conceptions of learning. Review of Educational Research, 56(4), 411-436.


Cognitive approaches  vs Behavioral approaches
Cognitive approaches argues that learner is active during the learning process whereas the behaviorists argue that the change happens around the learner who is passive. 
Active learner:   
1- active in metacognitive process, setting goals, plans, etc
2- active selection of stimuli
3- attempt to organize the material 
4- construction of appropriate responses
-Memory and learning require actively constructing new knowledge
Learning paradox: when the learner acquires new cognitive structure that is more advanced then the one present.
Higher level Processes in Learning
two types of metacognitive activities: 1 - regulation and orchestration 
2- what one does and does not know about material being learned