The paper tries to answer the questions: does the animations work better for learners when the words are given before the words (before the animation) or when words are given with the pictures (during animation)
single-code hypothesis: there is only one mode of mental representation for words and pictures
separate dual-code hypothesis: there is two distinct visual and verbal models of mental representation->theory: learner transfer material better when the information is given in two modes, visual and verbal.
integrated dual-code hypothesis: Paivio's dual coding theory, learners can build both visual and verbal modes of mental representation and the connection between them
Experiments results:
-simultaneous presentation of verbal and visual resulted better performance than the separate presentations of visuals and words --> supporting the integrated dual coding theory
-words with picture group outperformed the words before picture group
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